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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 21, the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 224 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy. 
• 878 – Syracuse, Italy, is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
• 879 – Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state. 
• 996 – Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
• 1085 – The Swedish town of Helsingborg is founded.
• 1349 – Dušan’s Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dušan the Mighty.
• 1403 – Henry III of Castile sends Ruy González de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
• 1502 – The island of Saint Helena is discovered by the Portuguese explorer João da Nova.
• 1554 – Queen Mary I grants a royal Charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England. 
• 1674 – The nobility elect John Sobieski King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
• 1725 – The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky. 
• 1758 – Ten-year-old Mary Campbell is abducted in Pennsylvania by Lenape during the French and Indian War. She is returned some six and a half years later. 
• 1809 – The first day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling between the Austrian army led by Archduke Charles and the French army led by Napoleon I of France sees the French attack across the Danube held.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 20, the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 225 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 325 – The First Council of Nicea – the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held. 
• 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.
• 526 – An earthquake kills about 300,000 people in Syria and Antiochia.
• 685 – The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
• 1217 – The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. 
• 1293 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Study of General Schools of Alcalá.
• 1449 – The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal. 
• 1497 – John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship  Matthew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
• 1498 – Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India. 
• 1520 – The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish.
• 1521 – Battle of Pampeluna: Ignatius Loyola is seriously wounded. 
• 1570 – Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.
• 1609 – Shakespeare’s sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.
• 1631 – The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years’ War.
• 1775 – Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence signed in Charlotte, North Carolina  

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 19, the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 226 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 1445 – John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo. 
• 1499 – Catherine of Aragon is married by proxy to Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales. Catherine is 13 and Arthur is 12.
• 1535 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona’s two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage). 
• 1536 – Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest. 
• 1542 – The Prome Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in present-day Burma.
• 1568 – Queen Elizabeth I of England orders the arrest of Mary, Queen of Scots. 
• 1643 – Thirty Years’ War: French forces under the duc d’Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
• 1649 – An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.
• 1655 – The Invasion of Jamaica begins during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• 1743 – Jean-Pierre Christin developed the centigrade temperature scale.
• 1749 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River. 
• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison surrenders in the Battle of The Cedars.
• 1780 – New England’s Dark Day: A combination of thick smoke and heavy cloud cover causes complete darkness to fall on Eastern Canada and the New England area of the United States at 10:30 A.M.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 18, the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 227 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 332 – Constantine the Great announced free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. 
• 1152 – Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• 1268 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch. 
• 1302 – Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia.
• 1499 – Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cadiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
• 1565 – The Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta. 
• 1565 – The Royal Audiencia of Concepción is created by a decree of Philip II of Spain.
• 1593 – Playwright Thomas Kyd’s accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe. 
• 1631 – In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts. 
• 1652 – Rhode Island passes the first law in English-speaking North America making slavery illegal.
• 1756 – The Seven Years’ War begins when Great Britain declares war on France.
• 1763 – Fire destroys a large part of Montreal, Quebec.
• 1783 – First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown (later called Saint John), New Brunswick, Canada after leaving the United States. 

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 17, the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 228 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. 
• 1536 – George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason. 
• 1590 – Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland. 
• 1642 – Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve (1612–1676) founds the Ville Marie de Montréal. 
• 1673 – Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River. 
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: the Continental Congress bans trade with Quebec. 
• 1792 – The New York Stock Exchange is formed. 
• 1805 – Muhammad Ali becomes Wāli of Egypt.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 16, the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 229 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 218 – Julia Maesa, aunt of the assassinated Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus and declares her 14-year old grandson Elagabalus, emperor of Rome.
• 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. 
• 1527 – The Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes itself as a republic.
• 1532 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. 
• 1568 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• 1584 – Santiago de Vera becomes sixth Governor-General of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
• 1770 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste who later becomes king of France. 
• 1771 – The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The “Regulators”, occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.
• 1811 – Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 15, the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 230 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne. 
• 589 – King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• 1252 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. 
• 1525 – Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Muentzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants’ War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest. She is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• 1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, her third husband. 
• 1602 – Bartholomew Gosnold becomes the first recorded European to see Cape Cod.
• 1618 – Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
• 1648 – The Treaty of Westphalia is signed.
• 1701 – The War of the Spanish Succession begins.
• 1718 – James Puckle, a London lawyer, patents the world’s first machine gun. 
• 1755 – Laredo, Texas is established by the Spaniards.
• 1776 – American Revolution: the Virginia Convention instructs its Continental Congress delegation to propose a resolution of independence from Great Britain, paving the way for the United States Declaration of Independence.
• 1791 – Maximilien Robespierre proposes the Self-denying ordinance barring any member from sitting in its successor, the Legislative Assembly convened in 1791. 
• 1792 – War of the First Coalition: France declares war on Kingdom of Sardinia.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 14, the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 231 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the de facto ruler of England. 
• 1509 – Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Venetians.
• 1607 – Jamestown, Virginia is settled as an English colony. 
• 1608 – The Protestant Union is founded in Auhausen.
• 1610 – Henry IV of France is assassinated bringing Louis XIII to the throne. 
• 1643 – Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• 1747 – War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre. 
• 1787 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates convene a Constitutional Convention to write a new Constitution for the United States; George Washington presides. 
• 1796 – Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 13 is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 232 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions which are later transcribed in her Revelations of Divine Love.
• 1515 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk are officially married at Greenwich.  
• 1568 – Battle of Langside: the forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother.
• 1619 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.
• 1648 – Construction of the Red Fort at Delhi is completed. 
• 1779 – War of Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).
• 1780 – The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in early Tennessee.
• 1787 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England, with eleven ships full of convicts (the “First Fleet”) to establish a penal colony in Australia. 

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 12, the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 233 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I as the 23rd pope.
• 304 – Roman Emperor Diocletian orders the beheading of the 14-year-old Pancras of Rome. 
• 922 – After much hardship, Abbasid envoy Ahmad ibn Fadlan arrived in the lands of Volga Bulgars.
• 1191 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre who is crowned Queen consort of England the same day. 
• 1264 – The Battle of Lewes, between King Henry III of England and the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, begins.
• 1328 – Antipope Nicholas V, a claimant to the papacy, is consecrated in Rome by the Bishop of Venice.
• 1364 – Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded in Kraków, Poland. 
• 1551 – National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.
• 1588 – French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry of Guise enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs. 
• 1689 – King William’s War: William III of England joins the League of Augsburg starting a war with France.
• 1743 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor. 
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.
• 1797 – First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice.
• 1821 – The first big battle of the Greek War of Independence against the Turks occurs in Valtetsi.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 11, the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 234 days remaining until the end of the year. 

• 330 – Byzantium is renamed Nova Roma during a dedication ceremony, but it is more popularly referred to as Constantinople.
• 868 – A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it oldest known dated printed book. 
• 912 – Alexander becomes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 
• 1310 – In France, fifty-four members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake as heretics. 
• 1502 – Christopher Columbus leaves for his fourth and final voyage to the West Indies.
• 1647 – Peter Stuyvesant arrives in New Amsterdam to replace Willem Kieft as Director-General of New Netherland, the Dutch colonial settlement in present-day New York City. 
• 1745 – War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy – French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• 1792 – Captain Robert Gray becomes the first documented white person to sail into the Columbia River.
• 1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the House of Commons, London.
• 1813 – In Australia, William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth lead an expedition westwards from Sydney. Their route opens up inland Australia for continued expansion throughout the 19th century.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 10, the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 235 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem and attacks the city’s Third Wall to the northwest. 
• 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. 
• 1497 – Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cádiz for his first voyage to the New World.
• 1503 – Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands and names them Las Tortugas after the numerous turtles there.
• 1534 – Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland. 
• 1655 – England, with troops under the command of Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables, annexes Jamaica from Spain.
• 1768 – John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton severely criticizing King George III. This action provokes rioting in London.
• 1773 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on the North American teatrade. 
• 1774 – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga. 
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Representatives from the Thirteen Colonies begin the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 9, the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 236 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 1092 – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated. 
• 1450 – ‘Abd al-Latif (Timurid monarch) is assassinated.
• 1662 – The figure who later became Mr. Punch made his first recorded appearance in England. 
• 1671 – Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England’s Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
• 1726 – Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap’s molly house in London are executed at Tyburn. 
• 1763 – The Siege of Fort Detroit begins during Pontiac’s War against British forces.
• 1864 – Second War of Schleswig: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.
• 1873 – Der Krach: Vienna stock market crash heralds the Long Depression.
• 1874 – The first horse-drawn bus makes its début in the city of Mumbai, traveling two routes.

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 8, the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 237 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 413 – Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, who are plundered by the Visigoths. 
• 589 – Reccared I summons the Third Council of Toledo.
• 1450 – Jack Cade’s Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI. 
• 1541 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River and names it Río de Espíritu Santo.
• 1788 – The French Parliament is suspended to be replaced by the creation of forty-seven new courts.
• 1794 – Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror by revolutionists, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme Générale, is tried, convicted, and guillotined all on the same day in Paris. 

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The following events occurred on this day in history … to succeed in the future; we must learn from the past. 

Today is May 7, the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 238 days remaining until the end of the year.

• 351 – The Jewish revolt against Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. 
• 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt. 
• 1274 – In France, the Second Council of Lyons opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
• 1429 – Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans, pulling an arrow from her own shoulder and returning, wounded, to lead the final charge. The victory marks a turning point in the Hundred Years’ War. 
• 1487 – The Siege of Málaga commences during the Spanish Reconquista.
• 1664 – Louis XIV of France inaugurates the Palace of Versailles.
• 1697 – Stockholm’s royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced by the current Royal Palace in the eighteenth century. 
• 1718 – The city of New Orleans is founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville.
• 1763 – American Indian Wars: Pontiac’s Rebellion begins – Chief Pontiac begins the “Conspiracy of Pontiac” by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit. 
• 1794 – French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French First Republic. 

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